Photovoltaic (PV) technology transforms sunlight directly into electricity using a process called the photovoltaic effect, involving semiconductor materials. This technology is revolutionising how we harness and utilise solar energy, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional power sources.
Photovoltaic technology involves the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity at the atomic level. Semiconductors, typically made from silicon, form the core of PV cells. When sunlight hits these cells, it excites electrons, freeing them from their atomic bonds to create an electrical current.
The magic of PV cells lies in their ability to exploit the energy of photons—the particles of light. When these photons collide with a PV cell, they transfer their energy to electrons in the semiconductor material. By knocking electrons loose, these interactions generate a flow of electric charge, which is harnessed as electrical power. The efficiency of this process depends on the material and technology used in the PV cells.
Silicon-based PV cells dominate the market due to their balance of cost-effectiveness and efficiency. These cells are categorised mainly into monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon cells. Monocrystalline cells are made from a single, pure silicon crystal and are more efficient but typically more expensive. Polycrystalline cells, made from melted fragments of silicon, are cheaper but slightly less efficient.
PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted arrays to large solar farms that feed electricity into the grid. These systems are modular, meaning they can be scaled to meet the energy needs of individual households up to entire municipalities.
The backbone of the majority of solar panels installed worldwide. They are prized for their reliability and longevity.
These are made from layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometres thick and are flexible, which allows them to be used on surfaces that aren’t suitable for traditional panels.
Known for their high efficiency, these cells are often used in space applications.
Researchers are developing technologies like perovskite solar cells, which promise even higher efficiencies and lower costs.
Photovoltaic technology not only provides a pathway to reducing our carbon footprint but also enhances energy security by diversifying energy supply sources. As technology advances and costs continue to decrease, solar power is becoming an increasingly attractive option for more widespread and global application.
The ongoing development and optimisation of PV technology are critical in our transition towards a more sustainable energy future. With governments and industries around the world investing heavily in solar power, the future of photovoltaics looks bright—continuing to evolve and inspire new applications and innovations in renewable energy.
Get in Touch